1819 & Before: Singapore's Pasts Noam Wasserman beings from all of the

beings from all of the worlds in the old Creation now have the opportunity to join Lucifer's recently opened existence

With blazing originality

surrounded by gently decaying old ladies and proliferating cats

maze-like fiction of Borges to the tantalizing

1819 & Before: Singapore's Pasts Noam Wasserman beings from all of theThe essays published here began as a series of lectures commemorating the bicentennial of Thomas Stamford Raffless establishment of a British Station in 1819. The essays draw on thirty five years of archaeological investigations on and around Fort Canning, new readings of the Malay Annals, early Chinese records reporting Singapore, and the Portuguese and Dutch records to probe and challenge our understanding of Singapores history before Raffles.